"Su obra más representativa es Walden, aparecida en 1854, aunque redactada entre 1845 y 1847, cuando Thoreau decide instalarse en el aislamiento de una cabaña en el bosque, y vivir en íntimo contacto con la naturaleza, en una vida de soledad y sobriedad. Michael Lind has observed that of the 195 countries in the world today, none have fully actualized a society as advocated by American libertarians: If libertarianism was a good idea, wouldn't at least one country have tried it? [65], Dieser Artikel behandelt die Richtung der politischen Philosophie. Eine der frühesten libertären amerikanischen Publikationen war die 1873 gegründete Nachrichtenzeitung Detroit News. [22] In der Vergangenheit funktionierten unterschiedliche private Rechtsordnungen, die in jeweiliger Konkurrenz zueinander standen, bereits, wie dies heute zu Zeiten internationalen Handels zuträfe. [63] The abolishment of public amenities is a common theme in modern American libertarian writings. Johnson received 3% of the popular vote, amounting to more than 4.3 million votes.[310]. [57] Allerdings existieren auch libertäre Entwürfe, nach denen es nicht zulässig ist, auf das Eigentum an sich selbst zu verzichten.[58]. [24][8], In the 1970s, Robert Nozick was responsible for popularizing this usage of the term in academic and philosophical circles outside the United States,[23][49][50] especially with the publication of Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974), a response to social liberal John Rawls's A Theory of Justice (1971). [177] In 1932, they establish the Syndicalist Party which participates in the 1936 Spanish general elections and proceed to be a part of the leftist coalition of parties known as the Popular Front obtaining two congressmen (Pestaña and Benito Pabon). [227] Even among the 19th-century American individualists there was no monolithic doctrine and they disagreed amongst each other on various issues including intellectual property rights and possession versus property in land. The core of libertarianism is respect for the life, liberty and property rights of each individual. Wegen des apriorischen Charakters der Normen wird dem Libertarismus der Vorwurf des Fundamentalismus entgegengehalten.[41]. "What's Wrong with Libertarianism". [14][20] Socialist libertarians[10][11][12][13] such as social and individualist anarchists, libertarian Marxists, council communists, Luxemburgists and De Leonists promote usufruct and socialist economic theories, including communism, collectivism, syndicalism and mutualism. The Levellers, also known as the Diggers, were a 17th-century anti-authoritarian movement that stood in resistance to the English government and the feudalism it was pushing through the forced privatisation of land known as the enclosure around the time of the First English Civil War. Individualist Anarchism and Reaction", "The Free Love Movement and Radical Individualism, By Wendy McElroy", "La insumisión voluntaria: El anarquismo individualista español durante la Dictadura y la Segunda República (1923–1938)" by Xavier Díez, "Anarchisme et naturisme, aujourd'hui." Over matters which are purely personal, as for example, moral conduct, the individual is sovereign, as well as over that which he himself produces. [282] Anarchism was influential in the counterculture of the 1960s[283][284][285] and anarchists actively participated in the protests of 1968 which included students and workers' revolts. But now we had taken it over". [204] Warren is widely regarded as the first American anarchist[203] and the four-page weekly paper The Peaceful Revolutionist he edited during 1833 was the first anarchist periodical published,[143] an enterprise for which he built his own printing press, cast his own type and made his own printing plates.[143]. Die Partei der Vernunft ist eine libertäre Kleinpartei, die durch Parteiübertritte kommunale Mandate erringen konnte. [209] Zerzan included Thoreau's "Excursions" in his edited compilation of anti-civilization writings, Against Civilization: Readings and Reflections. [82] Anarcho-capitalists[18][22] seek the elimination of the state in favor of privately funded security services while minarchists defend night-watchman states which maintain only those functions of government necessary to safeguard natural rights, understood in terms of self-ownership or autonomy. If someone harms you, you may defend yourself as needed to stop the aggressor and obtain reparations. He thought that the spread of the use of reason to the masses would eventually cause government to wither away as an unnecessary force. [53][91] This is based on pollsters and researchers defining libertarian views as fiscally conservative and socially liberal (based on the common United States meanings of the terms) and against government intervention in economic affairs and for expansion of personal freedoms.