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For him, however, war was not an activity governed by scientific laws, but rather a clash of wills or moral forces. 186 101
They accepted the necessity of maintaining defense but postulated the existence of a basic harmony of interests among states, which would minimize the incidence of wars. Writes scholar Dan Reiter: Critically, the bargaining model does not see war as the breakdown of diplomacy but rather as a continuation of bargaining, as negotiations occur during war, and war ends when a deal is struck. The more successful the "war coalition" was, the more successful the men would be in passing along their genes. xref
Contemporary just war theory is dominated by two camps: traditionalistand revisionist. We all fear our own mortality, but our cultures give us beliefs and rituals that buffer us from that fear. 0000065929 00000 n
Perhaps, say some social scientists, war isn't a deep-seated urge that or emotional reaction that comes from our evolution. 0000004344 00000 n
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Terror management theory holds that crossing this threshold makes people willing to die to preserve their culture — because, after all, it is only their culture that can live on after them. Others examine the prominent hypothesis that the spread of democracy will usher in an era of peace. Aggression is a fighting instinct that helps individuals and species survive. Whereas liberals concentrated on political structures, regarding them as of primary importance in determining the propensity of states to engage in war, socialists turned to the socioeconomic system of states as the primary factor. According to the bargaining model of war, war occurs when states bargaining over a conflict of interest fail to reach an agreement short of war. Economic cooperation based upon an international division of labour and upon free trade would be in the interests of everybody—commerce would be the great panacea, the rational substitute for war. Whereas psychological explanations of war contain much that seems to be valid, they are insufficient because man behaves differently in different social contexts. 0000065720 00000 n
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Soviet theoreticians distinguished three major types of war: between capitalist states, between capitalist and socialist states, and colonial wars of liberation. Accordingly, the suc-cessful commander was not the one who knew the rules of the game, but the one who through his genius created them. Realist theories elaborate conditions (e.g. 0000067053 00000 n
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By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Scholars working in the liberal paradigm are more interested in peace than war and have theorized its underlying conditions. 0000018590 00000 n
States fail to reach an agreement for one or more of three reasons: 1) private information problems 2) commitment problems and 3) issue indivisibility. Niall Ferguson lays out the argument that Germany was financially constrained and worried about its impending relative decline very well in The Pity of War. 0000067316 00000 n
The weakness of the theory was that the two major expected types of war, the intracapitalist and the capitalist-socialist, did not materialize as frequently as Soviet theoreticians had predicted. Problems of private information were rampant in the case of WWI. Political scientists have recently applied the theory to the Iraq war. When resources run out, conflicts arise. According to the bargaining model of war, war occurs when states bargaining over a conflict of interest fail to reach an agreement short of war. Essayist Barbara Ehrenreich spent many years researching the origins of war, and determined that the male warrior hypothesis didn't exactly fit the facts. 0000006138 00000 n
It assumes that economic interest is the principal driver of foreign policy, and attributes World War I to competition for markets and raw materials. V. I. Lenin authored a Marxist theory of war. 0000020161 00000 n
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Karl Marx attributed war not to the behaviour of states but to the class structure of society. 0000046656 00000 n
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This is in some sense a more policy-oriented version of the male warrior theory crossed with the persuasive hawk. The excess youth will be drawn to fighting and be killed, reducing the population. Socialists in the West turned increasingly, although in varying degrees, to revisionist interpretations of Marxism and returned to their attempts to revise socioeconomic structures through evolutionary constitutional processes, seeing this as the only possible means of preventing wars. 0000013571 00000 n
War- “sustained coordinated violence between political organizations” Includes: wars between countries, civil wars, terrorist groups Does not include: gang fights, individual violence 2. security dilemma, polarity, power transition) thought to be responsible for acute conflicts and mechanisms (e.g. Most embody realist principles and assume that leaders are substantively and instrumentally rational. Oh, not much. Their viewson the morality of war are substantially led by international law,especially the law of armed conflict. Early in the 20th century the two streams did to some extent converge, as evidenced by the fact that the English radical liberal John Hobson explained wars in terms later adopted by Vladimir Lenin.