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The three components of attitude are _____, thoughts, and actions. 2. Festinger, L. (1957). Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE? /Linearized 1.0 This subtle dynamic makes cognitive dissonance a powerful tool for changing attitudes. As can be readily seen in Table 1, there are only negligible differences among conditions. KELMAN, H. Attitude change as a function of response restriction Hum. They changed their attitudes to relieve the dissonance and fully believed that the activities were interesting. Muzafer Sherif et al (1954), Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a "Tripartite Soul" view of Human Nature. One would then expect no differences at all among the three conditions. The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation? In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. These made them question what the real purpose of the study is. 47 14 The students were asked to perform a tedious task involving using one hand to turn small spools a quarter clockwise turn. The E then removed the tray and spools and placed in front of the S a board containing 48 square pegs. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. The S worked at this task for another half hour. If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. Leon Festinger introduced cognitive dissonance theory in a 1957 book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. The researchers further concluded, with the help of the said results, that with $1, participants found no significant justification thus the occurrence of cognitive dissonance. Festinger and Carlsmith experiment A study conducted in which people were offered money to express attitudes that they did not hold; people who were offered big sums justified their behavior by the money but people who were offered smaller sums changed their attitudes to make them more consistent with their behavior by meredith_davis9, <>stream If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. Hum. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. When they were asked to lie about how they truly feel about the task, they force themselves to feel what they were induced to feel and express. xref Two derivations from this theory are tested here. ---------------------References: To reduce the feeling of discomfort about lying, they persuaded themselves they actually enjoyed the experiment. His task was to turn each peg a quarter turn clockwise, then another quarter turn, and so on. To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of Kitty Genovese's neighbors to help her? All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT. /O 49 Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. The E then paid the S one dollar (twenty dollars), made out a hand-written receipt form, and asked the S to sign it. An experiment by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) brought cognitive dissonance theory to the attention of American social psychologists. Relat., 1953, 6, 185-214. Cognitive Dissonance refers to the discomfort that is felt when a person has two beliefs that conflict with each other, or when they are engaging in . hb```s cB@q^2cTaX-mhp\fQgfL7uM^FD0a!&MMtm#4 3;:$:AGCk!;R )b0Hq$q4sX za4],JJAb$de\"p .j,D VZS Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page Festinger explained it this way in A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957): The existence of dissonance, being psychologically uncomfortable, will motivate the person to try to reduce the dissonance and achieve consonance. Eddie has made the _________. Five Ss (three in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) indicated in the interview that they were suspicious about having been paid to tell the girl the experiment was fun and suspected that that was the real purpose of the experiment. After you finish, the experimenter (Carlsmith) explains that the study concerns how expectations affect performance. What happens when students are asked to defend positions contrary to their beliefs? Carol is showing, In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter, Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. 90 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<20DCF6A9F66A934D9B18D4D3D2546E7A><7EBEFA77420BBC4EB7D76A22531484C2>]/Index[80 30]/Info 79 0 R/Length 66/Prev 129900/Root 81 0 R/Size 110/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream The fact that a social role can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior points to _____as a major contributor to aggression. (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. At the close of the interview the S was asked what he thought the experiment was about and, following this, was asked directly whether or not he was suspicious of anything and, if so, what he was suspicious of. Scott, W. A. In this way, they propose, the person who is forced to improvise a speech convinces himself. New York Times, p.C1. "I didn't like the sermon at all today. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in Their research suggested to them that if the laws changed first, forcing a change in behavior, the attitudes would follow along later. dissonance, and as a result, they would rate the task as less <> From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. We mentioned in the introduction that Janis and King (1954; 1956) in explaining their findings, proposed an explanation in terms of the self-convincing effect of mental rehearsal [p. 209] and thinking up new arguments by the person who had to improvise a speech. This is an example of, Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. 60 0 obj Festinger, L. (1957). The observed opinion change is greater than for persons who only hear the speech or for persons who read a prepared speech with emphasis solely on execution and manner of delivery The authors of these two studies explain their results mainly in terms of mental rehearsal and thinking up new arguments. According to Sternberg, married (committed) people who also have intimacy and passion are in the form of love called______love. << When she gets up to play it at the recital in front of 100 people, she preforms it better than she ever has. Many people resisted school desegregation, saying, "You can't change people's behavior before you change their attitudes.". Therefore the person's attitude changes. 1959. The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. endstream endobj startxref Lilly's mother always listens to the classic rock station on her car radio, so Lilly has grown up hearing that music and noticing how much her mother enjoys it. _____ is the scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others. No problem, save it as a course and come back to it later. One side argued that football was good for a university, the other side argued that it was harmful. Their data, however, are not included in the analysis. When her boyfriend refuses, she asks, "Well, will you at least wash the dishes then?" Despite the seriousness of his message, the police officer jokes and laughs with the employees. "Cognitive consequences of forced compliance". Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. The people who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable because they had no ample justification for lying, so they convinced themselves that the task was fun and rated it as fun. Like in every other study, there are some responses that are deemed to be invalid. Elizabeth's room is almost always a mess. Group B was given introduction by an experimenter, presenting the tasks in an interesting and enjoyable tone. In groupthink, members of the group______. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. 0000001089 00000 n But when Eddie is late the next day, he blames it on heavy traffic. The participants who were in the control group were not given any motivation. Dr. Nekita Fuller If you need instructions for turning off common ad-blocking programs, click here. The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________. This project has received funding from the, You are free to copy, share and adapt any text in the article, as long as you give, Select from one of the other courses available, https://explorable.com/cognitive-dissonance, Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. endobj Relat., 1956, 9, 177-186. They did not have to change their attitudes to lie because the money served as ample justification (Cognitive Dissonance). Which of the following statements is TRUE? Three conditions were run, Control, One Dollar, and Twenty Dollars as follows: If the S hesitated, the E said things like, "It will only take a few minutes," "The regular person is pretty reliable; this is the first time he has missed," or "If we needed you we could phone you a day or two in advance; if you couldn't make it of course, we wouldn't expect you to come." It is possible, then, that the results on this question, shown in the third row of figures in Table 1, might reflect dissonance reduction. Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with " Meas-ures of Performance." During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that the psychology department was conducting. Their job is to give the next group of participants a delightful introduction of the tasks they have previously performed. Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has been one . Leon Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in 1959. The other fraction was given the option to take the place of the experimenter, which required them to give an interesting explanation to the next group. they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable Some researchers believe that Milgram's results were a form of the________ technique of persuasion. Alex, who is in the honors program, failed to do his share of the work on the group project with his four classmates. How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? The One Dollar condition is higher than the other two. The first area is whether the tasks were interesting and enjoyable at all. To prevent groupthink, member's of a group should do all but which of the following? Which event or moment has the greatest effect on the author's decision to protest? 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. This question was included because there was a chance that differences might emerge. Control condition. In conclusion, people, when persuaded to lie without being given enough justification, will perform a task by convincing themselves of the falsehood, rather than telling a lie. /Prev 679084 Check out our quiz-page with tests about: Explorable.com (Nov 21, 2010). Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. If you have a negative attitude toward something, but you behave like you enjoy it, this causes dissonance. Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about. They will decide they wanted to do it anyway, or that maybe it was a good idea, in retrospect. In the first experiment designed to test these theoretical ideas, Aronson and Mills (1959) had women undergo a severe or mild "initiation" to become a member of a group. Psychol., 1954, 49, 211-218. According to the bystander effect, Leshan is more likely to get help if there is (are)______. stream %PDF-1.7 % These 11 Ss were, of course, run through the total experiment anyhow and the experiment was explained to them afterwards. This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. B. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. In 1959, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith looked to test Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance. 0000000848 00000 n Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. He introduced the girl and the S to one another saying that the S had just finished the experiment and would tell her something about it. Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory? In this study, research participants were asked to spend an hour completing boring tasks (for example, repeatedly loading spools onto a tray). The Effects of Prejudice, Stereotype & Discrimination Would the subject say that the experiment as he had experienced it was actually likely to measure Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson, 1957. << Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. When they arrived at the interviewer's office, the E asked the interviewer whether or not he wanted to talk to the S. The interviewer said yes, the E shook hands with the S, said good-bye, and left. The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. The 71 subjects were informed that the experiment focuses on the "Measures of Performance." This has many practical implications. His refusal to grant them loans is an example of________. On the other hand, the ones who were paid $20, apparently had the money as their primary justification for carrying out their task. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. The variability is greater, however, and the differences do not yield high levels of statistical significance. 0 If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. Festinger and Carlsmith further concluded, based off the the control group, that those who were only paid $1 felt that they were forcing themselves to explain how "enjoyable" of a task this was when in reality it was not. The reliabilities of these ratings, that is, the correlations between the two independent raters, ranged from .61 to .88, with an average reliability of .71. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. This is a direct result of Cognitive Dissonance. (p.47). The larger the pressure used to elicit the [p. 210] overt behavior (beyond the minimum needed to elicit it) the weaker will be the above-mentioned tendency. The formation of in-groups and out-groups, The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is, Strategies for overcoming prejudice include. We will have more to say concerning this explanation in discussing the results of our experiment. A fraction of the participants (the control group) was thanked and let go after an interview. The highest t value for any of these differences is only 0.48. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. Subjects who received $20 had no problem explaining their behavior to themselves. Rating scale -5 to +5, Stanley Milgram : Obedience to Authority Experiments, Conformity under Social Pressure : Solomon Asch, Stephen Fry quotations and quotes on God and Religion, Stephen Fry's controversial interview on Irish TV, The Nature vs. Nurture debate or controversy, Stanley Milgram's experiments on Obedience to Authority, The Perils of Obedience, (Harper's Magazine article), by Stanley Milgram, Festinger and Carlsmith ~ Cognitive consequences of forced compliance, Albert Hastorf and Hadley Cantril ~ They Saw a Game: A Case Study, The Robbers Cave experiment. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so He was told to use one hand and to work at his own speed. And, indeed, in the Control condition the average rating was -.45, somewhat on the negative side of the neutral point. What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? The questions are as follows: As may be seen, the questions varied in how directly relevant they were to what the S had told the girl. What is the Sacrifice Trap? c5; Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) Term 1 / 8 aim Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 8 show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by UorFawzi Terms in this set (8) aim The reason for doing it, theoretically, was to make it easier for anyone who wanted to persuade himself that the tasks had been, indeed, enjoyable. Research has found that the view that opposites attract, According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and, Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of, Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. Don't have time for it all now? 112 In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. The results were surprising to Festinger. This person has two cognitions which, psychologically, do not fit together: one of these is the knowledge that he believes "X," the other the knowledge that he has publicly stated that he believes "not X." This is manifested in the phenomenon called cognitive dissonance. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. The stronger the S's positive statements about the tasks, and the more ways in which he said they were interesting and enjoyable, the higher the rating. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. The Ss were told it was necessary for the experiment. This study showed people are subjected to conformity for the first time scientifically. The findings of the classic Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) experiment indicate that: 0000000868 00000 n Stereotypes are governed by the recency effect. In Asian cultures, people tend to explain the behavior of others as a result of______. In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task . As long as people are not paid a lot of money or given some other obvious inducement to perform the behavior, they will convince themselves it is enjoyable. Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? The text in this article is licensed under the Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Sandy was using_______ processing. Initially, subjects will be told that they will be participating in a two-hour experiment. A. Nicole practiced diligently with her mom. The content of what the S said after the girl made the above-mentioned remark. Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. // adblocker detected The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. 3. Like Explorable? % The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called. A fraction of the subjects were thanked and let go after being interviewed by another experimenter regarding ways on how the presentation of the boring tasks can be improved for future purposes. In evaluating the total magnitude of dissonance one must take account of both dissonances and consonances. Changes in attitude toward a specific, context-dependent topic, such as enjoyment of the mundane task in the experiment described above (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959) Information seeking following a change in usual behavior (Engel, 1963) Add to folder Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. soc. endobj they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable With everything else held constant, this total magnitude of dissonance would decrease as the number and importance of the pressures which induced him to say "not X" increased. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. } 8LDR#sUFZTE_|@N. The other group was paid 1/20th as much, the equivalent of about $5 now. /ImageB After performing the tasks, each of the subjects was then interviewed regarding how enjoyable the tasks were to him. Prejudice is to ____ as discrimination is to _______. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. Abused children grow up to become abusers about one third of the time. /N 8 The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale. those paid $1 changed their opinion more to reduce dissonance while those paid $20 had a motivational reason to enjoy the task so they experienced less dissonance, people change their opinions to reduce dissonance when they are forced to do something they dont like, Lab experiment with interview; independent sample design, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith (1959), Psych 203 Thoughts out of tune festinger and, Tversky and Kahneman 1981 biases in thinking, Topic Two: Population and Community Ecology, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. 0000010779 00000 n I'm sure you'll enjoy it." & KING, B.T. Social Researcher. According to the social psychologist, the social comparison theory is the idea that there is a drive within individuals to search for outside images in order to evaluate their own opinions and abilities. In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. Six chapters are new to this book; two are reprints of chapters . (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. One other point before we proceed to examine the data. experiment. Prejudice and discrimination are least likely to develop in which of the following situations? Half of the Would the subject be willing to do a small favor for the experimenter? Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. Would the subject have any desire to participate in another similar experiment? Certainly, the more interesting and enjoyable they felt the tasks were, the greater would be their desire to participate in a similar experiment. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. We felt it was important to show that the effect was not a completely general one but was specific to the content of the dissonance which was created. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. endobj Festinger's theory said that when a person holds contradictory elements in cognition (producing an unpleasant state called dissonance) the person will work to bring the elements back into agreement or congruence. Two studies reported by Janis and King (1954; 1956) clearly showed that, at least under some conditions, the private opinion changes so as to bring it into closer correspondence with the overt behavior the person was forced to perform. The private opinions of the subjects concerning the experience were then determined. The new edition of Cognitive Dissonance: Re-examining a Pivotal Theory in Psychology contains 12 chapters and three appendices. When opposites attract it is said that they have_____ characteristics. Don't see what you need? Sandy loves to play pool and has become quite good at the game. To study this, Festinger and Carlsmith performed an experiment using seventy-one male students at . What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? For an hour, you are required to perform dull tasks, such as turning wooden knobs again and again. 0000000015 00000 n Prejudice, s Stereotypes are defined as particular beliefs or assumptions about a human being based on their association with a group (Spielman, 2014, p.225). Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959), in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting.